以全国统一大市场促进产需有机衔接******
作者：崔琳
完善的市场体系可以推动资源配置实现效益最大化和效率最优化，高效的流通体系能够在更大范围更深程度把生产和消费有机联系起来。《扩大内需战略规划纲要（2022—2035年）》将“健全现代市场和流通体系，促进产需有机衔接”作为深入实施扩大内需战略的重点任务。
建设全国统一大市场，打通制约产需衔接的制度梗阻。市场是当今世界最稀缺的资源，我国拥有包含14亿多人口的超大规模市场和联合国产业分类中的全部工业门类，国民经济的产需两端都蕴含着巨大的发展潜力。在此基础上，能否有效开发市场需求、持续改善供给质量，形成需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的更高水平动态平衡，关系到国民经济循环的健康与畅通。当前，国民经济在生产、分配、流通、消费等环节仍存在堵点、断点，制约要素市场化配置的制度性阻碍依然存在，垄断经营、准入限制、地方保护与行政壁垒等妨碍公平竞争的因素尚未消除。解决以上问题的关键一招就是建设全国统一大市场，通过理顺地方竞争关系、明晰政府与市场边界，构筑起支撑市场高效运转的制度地基，以统一的市场基础制度规则、统一的要素商品和服务市场、统一的市场监管标准与高水平的现代物流体系，破除封闭小市场、地方小循环，打通制约供给质量提升与需求优化升级的制度梗阻，形成供需互促、产销并进、畅通高效的国内大循环，持续释放内需潜力，加快构建新发展格局。建设全国统一大市场应以实现产需高水平动态平衡为目标，坚持问题导向和系统思维，从供给侧和需求端同时发力，全方位激发内需活力，既应着眼于消除阻碍生产者科学决策、有效生产的制度性壁垒，提升供给效率与质量，又应着力降低交易成本，发挥市场的规模效应和集聚效应，满足并扩大市场需求，在供求两端不断改善的过程中促进产需的高水平衔接。
现阶段，以全国统一大市场促进产需有机衔接需要把握以下三个政策要点。
一是深化要素市场化配置改革，促进资源有效配置。要素市场是现阶段制约我国高标准市场体系建设的主要短板，突出表现为城乡统一的建设用地市场仍不完善，劳动力在城乡、区域和单位之间仍然存在流动障碍，多层次资本市场体系有待建立，科研主体与市场主体存在分割，要素数据的确权与收益规则尚未明确等。为此，应着力消除制约生产要素自由流动的体制机制障碍，推动劳动力、土地、知识、技术、数据等要素资源的市场化配置改革，使要素价格真实反映市场供求与资源稀缺程度，提高资源配置效率。
二是锚定高水平社会主义市场经济体制目标，加快建设公平统一、竞争有序的大市场。我国经济体制改革的目标是建立更加系统完备、更加成熟定型的高水平社会主义市场经济体制，为此必须首要回答建设什么样的市场、怎样建设市场这一关键问题，而公平统一、竞争有序的全国大市场就是构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制最重要的客观基础。市场秩序公平有序的关键在于市场规则的统一性、公平性和可预期性，不同所有制企业在要素获取、准入许可、标准制定等方面享有平等待遇，通过制度规则的“安全感”稳定企业家预期，激发潜在投资需求。全国统一大市场建设的关键在于重构地方政府间围绕高质量发展的健康竞合关系，破除地方保护和市场分割，及时清理废除妨碍统一市场的各类规定与做法，提高市场准入效能，全面推动我国市场由大到强转变。
三是强化现代流通体系建设，切实保障产需衔接效率与安全。物流体系是连接产需两端的生命线，加快建设现代物流体系是建设全国统一大市场的应有之义，实施扩大内需战略必须以布局合理、整体畅通、安全高效的物流网络为依托。在需求端，要优化现代商贸体系，完善高水平商品交易市场，建设满足差异性偏好的多样化商贸设施。在供给端，要从提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平的高度出发加快发展现代物流体系，实现区域、城乡、国际物流的快速联通，提高物流体系对产需两端的适配性，形成内外联通、安全高效的物流网络。（崔琳）
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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